Why did you have to create this false religion of Scientology, L. Ron Hubbard?

    or money on health and all the local morning break

    what has happened L ron Hubbard bound to lead the world

    wealthiest and most controversial religious groups scientology

    what are the issues to be discussed this morning with my first guess

    run to work with the Sun lifting L ron Hubbard like getting a big battle

    five-point

    do welcome

    and      you allege in court papers that your father had lived the life

    characterized by severe mental illness and political the rule who's written for

    him

    and use the fall and fraudulent of time criminal

    to cover up the failure and to acquire well phone

    and power in order to destroy hypocrisy

    enemy when you withdraw those conclusions what did you think that led

    you to that

    because I loved it I ninety-nine percent a weapon I L

    file a little concerned about himself totally untrue

    I and millions of people have

    taken militia false data over a period or

    thirty-some-odd usual and relied upon and

    and bill to settle believes in building organization

    and all basically those allegations that I made were true because

    throughout up in      you

    I was deeply involved in all a myth it would you think that the cleaning

    battling with a criminal

    like button down but what do you think fraud and deception

    I'll the involvement with

    in the early days and he says oh no please don't belong to

       involvement with the almost home

    %uh the I that kind and what the past   

    the a you so

    scientology money his own money I

    to fine also a

    York implications into the country from Mexico and Colombia and saw the things

    as I was involved with the solely incidents

    why'd you will catch because the allegations anything the John Wall I

    left the church for a whole wide variety of reasons it is into a very simple

    answer

    I'm I left because of my wife wanted me to

    and I also

    because I wasn't making any money because all the money flows are close to

    my father always has

    I I was also tired with the fatherless option plus then

    his deep involvement in a warm I

    personal use a warm home shopping other is a black mold you

    month old black magic what are you talking about

    like the only thing that i win black materia it sounds as

    absolutely unbelievable what im talking about anything

    while the funny thing is is that the actual truth is about as far out as

    so assault ology it's all I'll

    really the basis of Scientology which is rather hidden covered over is all

    me a call to the a

    a deep involvement with the satanic powers we felt that the

    he was deeply in love with I'll

    I may be sure black magician call I'll still prolly

    I and two putting himself will depict not a translucent guns on each of you

    want to become the most powerful

    being in the world you consider all this the religion

    you now who no wine at

    because the business it always has been

    I was really incorporate is the one with the original

    church organizations and we incorporated just because the AMA

    I'm and the IRS

    so were giving him a lot of problems the wall

    early fifties what was your relationship like with your father I think a lot of

    people they would say

    well maybe you're doing all this because you did not have a good relationship

    with your father

    amid you doing all this for the money what why all you picking

    that I wanna see the the true and I can expose my father without exposing myself

    to me my life is a

    I'll pretty messed up a groupie anyway I'll

    and in actual fact truly belongs in this jail on other

    my father but why I'm doing and is a

    let's play all the facts out let people decide

    I have a copy of the letter that that supposedly came from your father

    we talked about the fact that your mother was an alcoholic and that he

    deserted both the UN that you're not in any position to know about him call

    or the church you believe this is an authentic leather possible

    I really don't know but I know that he has a fax all fouled out

    such as  well that he didn't know me

    way well I home the fact is from      to      I was very instrumental

    in around the organization and the formation with I was directed to you

    up of him many better than $   advance clinical course he so

    I was chief instructor travel the

    to and a half a dozen homes with whipping

    and say that I love you in a position to really know your father and the church

    in a working to make it

    holes very much so while quite you believe now that

    I do you believe now that your father is a lot I personally don't believe so

       I'll I really don't know

    that just as I said a personal belief but I think that the

    if he is alive real here certainly quite incompetent always a little fairy who

    will be

    grossly manipulated by the people around him people such as

    while in my petition we named I believe the

      -year-old boy a all about a ninth grade education the

    David Miscavige wall and this is the first mobile also what is calm now the C

    ivan is a sure tackler

    yes the Sea Org a and that is the

    I'll sure the

    could be considered the I SSR

    why would you explain that he who are these people

    ally who labeled the lead because they're very much paul although

    they hit the right type organization all I want more difficult for us don't

    understand that he i thing in america today and be

    year   and      you tell you at the building group that young people

    who are like yes who widening how will the end of tornado will be young people

    it now wouldn't that make this concept about

    got it from my father the wall

    they were raised in scientology all they've known his

    homology remove all older with the isolated from

    the outside world altogether not altogether but pretty much show

    kept in a very tight group I'll

    and the course outside contact an outside communication was always been

    more

    kept at a minimum over the years when you say SS I think about harassment

    intimidation even death

    that the humidity in this holes all I've been the

    subject to the which call the fair game doctrine

    which is really existed since the mid fifties that simply says that any

    one perceived as an enemy oh hell on her bitter scientology can be

    attacked applied to the private property and even destroyed

    I without any at all this appalling retribution only organization might have

    actually tried to kill you

    yes I believe so about so  -  times over the years

    a lot now that you are the public we have that he didn't like that

    no not since I file my petition that they've been rather quiet simple

    Scientology is one of the most successful religious courts in the world

    this is only much the promotion of different Hollywood stars musicians

    different Hollywood stars like Elfman and Kirstie Alley

    and Tom Cruise and John Travolta to name only a few

    have gone on record promoting scientology

    the

    just a go do

    do the

    stars like John Travolta and Kirstie Alley have even taken to the airways in

    defense of Scientology

    but is it possible that what they are defending is yet another

    a Leicester Crowley in satanic call do you ever think

    but might be quite mad Holly s

    Scientology has a time come under the scrutiny the secular news media

    but the stark truth has not yet been told that Scientology is an away another

    fruit other teachers say this a lesser Crowley

    is barely known few people realize that scientologist founder

    now ron Hubbard was yet another disciple little Esther crowley's

    refer to Crowley as his good friend I'm Chesham

    I have a magic cards I have the

    on Smackdown whether trial centuries waste

    were fast like I

     my work has anything to do airstrike around its past

     assassinating working itself mass work at my house to cry

     late Alistair Crowley my very good friend I'm glad

     K he became South springboard

     I'll passer by Starbucks by

     on those magic clots science and South

     the next my sucks extra Hubbard stated that Scientology's basic idea

     parallel crowley's doctrine of do what thou wilt ron Hubbard's all the Sun

     over an hour junior who witnesses fathers discipleship under Crowley

     admitted his father was a sickness in a follower Crowley all the funny thing is

     that with the actual truth is you can polish

     far-out also all or sold are you at all

     on wheelbase is his own collagen

     which is what we should move forward always all will call shortly

     of gable wall with Paul

     so you can control powers who fall football

     he would be cool off work for all

     I may be sure but would you should follow sure prolly

     all on throughput himself who do you get what I told him she was once of you want

     to become the most powerful

     wall garage in your stated that likely re around senior felt that he was

     helping to complete crowley's mission

     L ron Hubbard junior stated that his father considered himself to be the one

     who quote

     came after and that he was probably successor and had taken

     on the matter love the Great Beast scientology actually began in December

      st     

     this was a day lester Crowley died it appears that however believe that

     Scientology will be instrumental

     a building at a Chris Kingdom is seeking to destroy Christ that is coming

     in a document alleged by many former Scientologist to be written    th

     the highest level a Scientology Harbor declared quote my mission could be said

     to fulfill the biblical promise represented by the brief

     anti-christ period during this period there is a fleeting opportunity for the

     whole scenario to be effectively derailed

     L ron Hubbard was close to Jack Parsons who was a rocket scientist the cofounder

     the Jet Propulsion Laboratory

     Ste before Parsons was killed in explosion as laboratory

     he wrote a book in this book he call for the destruction of quote the black

     brother had called Christianity

     any stated that the anti-christ would bring all men to the law of the beast

        

     and in his live show conquer the world a Leicester Crowley was a deceiver who

     lied to his followers

     by promising them freedom and all the while bringing them into satanic slavery

     well Crowley claim that his followers would be free to the practice to do what

     thou wilt

     they were actually brought in the satanic bondage the worst kind of

     slavery and non freedom in existence

     notice how crowley's doctrine of Allama or will

     was really a subtle way events leaving his followers to Satan

     in the end a lesser Crowley was totally deceived he died hopelessly addicted to

     heroin

     and this lady Satan witnesses declared that his last words before his death

     were quote

     I am perplexing quote sometimes I hate myself Crowley himself had been totally

     deceived by Satan

     as he was led to believe that he himself would be the anti-christ and now he was

     on the verge of death not have you realize his twisted dream

     he was said to be very depressed before his death an extraordinarily fear for

     Crowley knew that it was time for him to face his Creator who had so much

     any new that the scripture state is a fearful being

     to fall into the hands of the living God and that our God is a consuming fire

     Crowley was heard PC before his death until he finally collapse

     and met his horrible and in hell sadly he is taking millions of people to hell

     with him

     as a father modern culture and as the patron devil

     love rock n roll

     let us begin this half hour with the secretive and controversial Church of

     Scientology in a moment a defector from the church's leadership Corps

     will speak out in an exclusive live interview

     business as usual it seems for scientologist

     at the organization's expanding world headquarters in Florida

     but for   -year-old Christine Cole Bren    member

     of Scientology's delete Coursey org

     life is anything but she was born into a family a Scientologist

     but since Christine and her husband Chris also a member of the church

     broke away and started speaking out against Scientology

     as they did in a recent New York Times article Christine says

     the church has cutter of from her family her decision to leave she says was

     emotionally

     and financially costly Christine said every member signed a so-called

     but Trinity contract to remain a Scientologist

     for a billion years which she broke back on track

     she says the church which it paid or fifty dollars a week

     handed her up forty thousand dollar bill for counseling services

     the church had given her over her lifetime I find a contract that said I

     was going to be there for the rest of my life

     and beyond so I didn't fulfill that contract and they bill you

     that bill was later reduced to ten thousand dollars

     Christie can call brand is with us exclusively Christie good morning

     nice to see you II would in this era innovation which is basically be

     elite corps I've scientologist their staff members you don't have to be a few

     remember to be a Scientologist and that's where you sign that billion your

     contract is in the fee or

     you were scientologist since you were born you became a member of that

     organization it's kinda

     like a religious or leadership order within the church

     on it when you you obviously like your role there for a while you learn

     worked long hours for very little pay what changed all that what made you

     decide this was not what you signed up for

     well there was a different atmosphere at the very end of my career in the Sea Org

     things had changed

     the I'm there the leader of the church david miscavige had

     implemented things that had trickled down even to organization that I was

     that you know it was an atmosphere I'm sorta fear people were scared<br><br><br>

    A father

    blames scientology for breaking up his home miss destroyed

    the family we've always been a happy family and I'm not

    now it's been destroyed how dangerous is the worldwide cult

    thats homed in on the south of England

    the young woman in black

    doesn't know it but the man is about to try to recruit her into the fastest

    growing cult

    Britain the man doesn't say he's a Scientologist

    it simply else whether she'd like to take a personality test

    it's the first step in the recruiting process with a very high success rate

    in Britain scientology claims the following

       ,    the vast majority of them in the south scientology for all its   -year

    exist

    has been highly controversial in places like prices become more than just a

    controversy

    here it's a day-to-day reality the young men and women recruited on the streets

    joining one of the most acted powerful cult in the Western world

    scientology exerts huge influence it commands huge well

    it in southern England the movement's European power base

    this bitter disagreement about what it is and what it stands for

    is it the road to total freedom as follows  insist

    or is it nothing more than a fraud and in some cases even

    the road to total really in this program will be looking at new evidence

    to try to establish whether Scientology is a force for good

    over evil the scientologists a building themselves a fortress

    alongside the national headquarters at East Grinstead Saint Hill Manor

    here they crusade for a better world world they say is achievable

    only through scientology but the end the Scientology are

    was the criminalist without insanity war

    where enough good man flourish and prosper

    and achieve your goals and it's very important that

    people are free to pursue their own course in life

    but the free to seek spiritual freedom another

        anyway but in doing this throughout saint Hilaire images of the founder and

    curator

    scientology American Lafayette ron Hubbard have it was a prolific science

    fiction writer

    at American naval officer in the second world war a number to FileMaker

    small-time Hollywood scriptwriter by the end

    a millionaire many times over other died last year

    but his personality is still dominates the cult his office has kept like a

    shrine

    untouched since his last visit there twenty years ago

    Hubbard is dead but his writings live on in the Faith Hill library

    everything here it is here and his word is the gospel

    in particular the Bible scientology dianetics

    another important legacy a public is that the meter

    most recruits to scientology have at least one session like this

    a meter is based on lie-detector principles

    sometimes say it measures stress trainee counselors around to try it out on

    teddy bears other to that human beings were hindered

    developing their full potential by negative experiences

    they don't even remember n-grams a call them

    if people could bring these to the surface and overcome them

    that he went on the road to total freedom so the meter is just a tool

    in a process of spiritual therapy which the cold calls auditing

    closing the petitioner listens

    mostly he asked questions in this is to the answers three

    it's a question direct investors attention and getting

    how they feel about it and perhaps getting to look at new

    viewpoints unlike the hammacher or and results for the president serves as

    hey I did that before the realized something in a

    auditing is supposed to take students scientologists all the way up the road

    to freedom

    their ultimate aim is to take control over every aspect of their lives

    but this ontology leadership insist is not just open they point to the

    anti-drugs campaign to show how they're working for the public good

    and as further evidence for their good intentions they single out there better

    opposition to psychiatric

    well worsening orderly psychiatric treatment consists

    are brain surgery consists electric shock treatment

    are considered writes all these

    are an attempt to chemically create something which is

    more than likely spiritual in nature so therefore

    I mean I could not condone such treatment its am

    basic infringe human rights to

    subject them to electric shock and you might as well just beaten over the head

    with a baseball bat

    problem better fact scientologist sex ain't a love prod

    stance on psychiatry but they're many opponents say the cult should not be

    taken at face value

    among the fiercest critics is helen is AQ she says in reality the county

    dogmatic and intolerant and does more harm than good

    this is a cure blame scientology for the suicide of her daughter Rita

    me to lift at Kroger in Sussex with her husband they were both scientologist

    like most cult members strongly oppose psychiatry

    but a year ago reserve became severely depressed

    she cried lol card and card he hardly

    you could hardly by hello bomb to make it without the place at school

    best it will be a lol she was so depressed she cried all the time

    much about nothing but they come out is that there's not much the logistic NOLA

    when I you know about that Himalayan know in a United

    she's obviously a lineout that anything a bath Reacher believe the depression

    but due to an ear infection

    and she went to see a specialist Catherine Middleton Captain EO

    Milton tested yeah and she asked a few questions about the bill

    and she told later that the problem was more Sun a psychological

    physical and that she desperately needed to say

    they thought that it helped the greeter refused to see a psychiatrist

    she wrote to her mother I feel that there is no real help for improvement to

    be had from psychiatrists

    but my turning to them would just be a way to hide from life

    and problems Reacher committed suicide in March

    by inhaling cards or fumes in a garage

    scientology insist they did not advisor again psychiatric treatment

    today her mother is still fighting to establish that cult dogma

    did contribute to reach his death others living in the South despise

    scientology but for different reasons for example the cult stands accused of

    breaking up families

    the lily family Bognor Regis on a shopping trip to London

    pose for a photograph happy carefree moment

    but to the many parents know seems a lifetime away

    German at least say that Scientology has broken up and ruined their family

    two daughters have become full-time members of the cult

    this %uh    recruited in Brighton order to

    and Lucy three years older works full-time at a house in East Grinstead

    looking after Scientology children but one stage three of the four daughters

    were in the cult

    the parents speaking about the tragedy tonight for the first time

    recall one evening last year when the girls came home to confront the couple

    about their hostility to scientology all three they say have changed beyond

    recognition

    they just arrived on the doorstep and I just couldn't

    looked like on daughters Taylor completely

    my Howard who relies on his right knee yeah saver

    in Pima and damn

    I think they'd beam advise

    how to hand allows ice by somebody I

    I did nice today lot Saunders with a smile on their face

    and just stated that

    to neighbor

    that I wanted to be scientologist this was I'll life they wanted

    issue and and nothing me

    said and could deter them I am

    it was it was how scientists

    and to see him a than they were standing there and we knew the words coming and

    and I can

    from their mounts when I want our daughters I would just like little

    robots unprogrammed

    everything we we said you

    one could almost tell was the Palo page five paragraph  

    parents objection its I'll miss

    glycerin Lucy after failing to placate their parents

    decided instead to discern they sent what their parents recognized as

    disconnection letters

    a classic response to critical outsiders which all scientologists tort

    in this case the outsiders where a mother and father

    the emotional strain has had traumatic affects John Lilly has had a nervous

    breakdown

    as a result he's had to give up his job the couple now exist on sickness benefit

    and they've been forced to sell their home and do their fathers break down the

    daughters have had a change of heart about disconnecting

    but their allegiance to scientology is unswerving

    the lid is fine that tragic because in their view ron Hubbard is a phony

    and new research seems to back this up

    all this scientology describe ron Hubbard is the greatest humanitarian and

    history

    and he himself claim some remarkable achievement

    others have investigated life say he was a liar and a cheat

     for example have a claimed he was a nuclear physicist

     in fact he took only a short course in physics and failed

     claimed he was crippled and blinded in world war two in fact he was never even

     slightly wounded

     he also claimed he was a war hero winning    medals

     fact you got any for routine declarations in the US Navy

     another them for heroism or combat three remarkable claims by Scientology founder

     that researchers say don't stand up to scrutiny

     the author Russell Miller has just completed a biography on other

     contrasting the claims and the fax is called it

     their face missile church

     I'm sure you know say the public was a much decorated war hero

     that Hughes fresh casualty was flown home from

     front in the secretary of state's playing that he was an intelligence

     office

     solved in covert operations whose much wounded much decorated eccentrics

     none of these trains a true non he I'm

     did join the Navy and did come off so

     but his actual career was

     ill-starred to say the least in one area

     other did perform extremely well he made a huge sums of money

     money was an obsession in      he said the best way to make a million dollars

     was the start Monday religion two years later he founded scientology

     and in a directive to his followers he confirmed his priorities

     make money may more money

     make other people but use so as to make money

     opens bridge to total freedom can be crossed by anyone who can afford it

     the full counseling program costs at least   ,    pounds per person

     some followers have paid a hundred thousand pounds

     in Brighton nigga tryin was caught up in the how that money making machine

     in the space of four weeks she handed over nearly eight thousand pounds to the

     town scientology center

     she believed the money would help me had a spiritual freedom

     at least that was what logic K who runs the center told her

     he persuade me that I needed something called a life repair

     which was to get over the initial problems that I had

     to experiences in my past and that was too costly

      ,   

     I was reluctant and thoughtful

     think that with a lot of money and I did question

     the mount I was

     chatted to talk to well university course will cost you much more than that

     but after the life repair brown and

     I then again has happened came with much K

     and I was persuaded that I should

     tank the journey up to clear

     which is curious state baking completely you

     lose you reactive mind and totally clear and free

     and that was too costly just over

      ,    pounds six ounces and     

     you gonna trudge told the Scientologist brightened a annual summer it was only

     seven thousand times

     she says their response was to suggest she took out large loans

     and lie on the application forms by falsely claiming that the loan was for a

     car or home improvement

     but as well losing money if a Trojan was losing faith in scientology

     she took up the cult promises a refund and was repaid some  ,    pounds

     but only after Scientology was ordered by a court to pay it

     yet the cult is extremely rich recent documents from saint Hill

     tamed by facing south show the total income for the seven scientology centers

     in Britain in just one week

     was over   ,    pounds apart from the regional organizations

     there are    recruiting centers including four on the south coast

     much of the money they raise goes to the headquarters in East Grinstead

     some from here to the united states in the post huge amounts of cash was for a

     friend of my husband for his personal use

     some went into Swiss bank accounts know how but was reluctant to admit it

     I don't back officers there is a bank accounts with

     I don't know how much money is in it but not very much

     in fact other siphoned off millions of dollars for his personal accounts

     by a front company registered in liberia on his behalf

     the money was then distributed to secret accounts in Liechtenstein

     and Luxembourg former a testified that hovered took tens of millions of dollars

        scientology

     although ordinary scientologist underwear this diversion

     farms someone becoming disillusioned with another aspect is scientologist

     finances

     Steve bisbee left the cult in      he was unhappy that so little

     spent on the basic welfare stop

     style hey walls

     four pounds a week in practice

     four pounds Lee really got

     I can show you my own in   

     from those dates with prunes

     the amount money paid out anything

     tend to look at the statistics demand goes

     income was taken in June that period from

     church services credible expects

     but the Scientology officials at saint Hill insist their money is well spent

     on running the church organizations or as they call them the Hawks

     all the management the top management at the church

     is done from the state's and as such there's a service which comes back

     management is

     I hasn't idyllwild

     specifics on money was I new will open up

     he's going at the center books so

     and I me sure going it might come to take on to your question

     detailee want DC me

     other excited to religious like more like bellman claim has been relentless

     penny-pinching within the cult

     and she says that the constant emphasis on money has had disastrous human

     consequences

     particularly on children's welfare

     work filming worked for six years in a nursery at stones

     hostile force scientologist of your is Grinstead

     in scientology they considered that

     putting somebody to look after children was a waste manpower

     so that meant that he didn't actually look after them

     no if you have a big group of children have moved

     also you have no funds to buy basic equipment

     then you get a rebel and that's what we had

     we didn't get to talk to the used to run wild

     basically turned local

     at Stone morning bill maynes found that the lack of cash to pay the bills

     often meant harsh measures it happened once in the depth of winter

     the idea was because there wasn't enough money

     to pay these bills the punishment shall we say

     for that was to cut a hole heating cut up hot water

     and we lived well hitting

     girl to stay and also we will put dime

     things in life and the including two children

     so these little kids one to   only eight

     thing for each new recruit

     there's more money for the cult and the energy put into recruitment could be

     seen at Bright

     on every day of the year in scientology

     a likely candidate is called your meat if he agrees to take the personality

     test they offer

     it won't be long before the Scientologist announces who he is

     approaches the subject of money we secretly recorded an interview between

     one recruitment officer

     and a facing south for such posing as a student

     inside the recruitment center he was taken to an upstairs office

     hello only minutes into the conversation followed

     the Scientologist was asking for cash for short initial course

     on yes his    

     mmm that be     pounds in most cases would be only a first installment

     each school's has another feet and the scientologists where possible

     prefer payment in advance

     I'm group

     and if you know it you home my I can't tell you the number

     gonna give it a name the name and into

     okay step

     growing

     the personality test offered Brighton is one way of involving people in

     scientology

     there are others

     an advertisment in a national newspaper offers help for all kinds of ailments

     from tiredness to fungal infections its place by the Candida albicans advice

     centre

     these Grinstead candied as consultant doctor dorothy west

     turns out to be a long-standing scientologist her advice group has

     recommended

     auditing as part of the treatment Candida

     is sponsored and supplied by G&G fitment centre

     based in East Grinstead company is run by a husband and wife who also

     long-standing scientologist wife she game in

     is executive director scientologist social coordination Bureau

     GNG solicitors say the company has no legal

     corporate no financial ties with Scientology

     by whatever route people reach scientology once they're they discover

     that

     total obedience to the cult hierarchy is the top priority

     purely court scientologist same hill christen naval uniform

     custom stemming from how the navy career Hubbard on his ocean going yachts or it

     ordinary members where to obey instructions without question for their

     own

     good when somebody and rolls consider he or she has joined up for the duration of

     the universe

     never permit an open-minded approach when missus patty cake comes to us to be

     taught

     turn that wondering doubt into effect dedicated player

     she away will all

     but to help its mind the worst offensive all was too quick the ranks

     and then indulge in open criticism for such defectors

     entity for any critics he had a special venom

     la can be used very easily to harass

     and enough harassment somebody will generally be sufficient to cause his

     professional DC

     if possible ruin him

     in another directive other daughters cult members to stamp out opposition

     by discrediting and destroying the critics reputation

     you tell them one spot who is attacking us

     to start investigating them promptly for felonies or worse

     free start feeding laureate blood sex crime

     actual evidence on the attackers to the press

     how the daughter that private detectives be used to enforce these measures

     this is one of several private detectives photographed outside the

     house have a Scientologist defector

     any scripted complained he was being harassed

     and only last week a private detective hired by scientology

     shot to Sunday Times journalist investigating the cult

     other branded scientology critics suppressive persons

     he said they were fair game and therefore

     maybe the private property or injured by any means by any scientologist

     without any discipline at the Scientologist maybe trip

     suit or lied to or destroyed

     one man declared a suppressive person was Marcus Allen

     he was chairman of the trustees Greenfield school

     Near East Grinstead the school says its independent it's run by scientologist

     the first charitable status specter's this mean substantial cash benefits

     through tax relief

     rockefeller became increasingly hostile to the cult because the victim of a

     total loyalty

     finally summoned to a meeting at Sage Hill Manor where he says to senior

     official

     presented him with reports on his behavior written by other scientologists

     cross-examine him then accused him of associating with opponents have the cult

     I was asked if I would stop seeing these people

     said no which is why and friends see the people I chose to see

     on that response they said well if you wish to continue seeing these people

     you may do so we want to know all the conversations you have with them

     this report back to us what is said who these other people see

     I declined the option and left

     I was being asked to sponsor my friends which

     found extremely distasteful from an organization which

     calls itself a church I find this

     almost unbelievable

     soon after that meeting marcus allen's   -year-old son

     Alexander was drawn into the dispute he was about to cities owner

     green feels but the day after his father was declared a suppressive

     I was up there was called to a meeting with the headmistress and her deputy

     voice in the office to go home and mother who condemned

     Martin quite    myself down the at the desk

     and said case very simply and until situation with your father

     with apology has been cleared out people the best

     for me to stay at home the headmistress Margaret Haugen

     claimed that Alexander was sent home because his stammer

     have become worse she denied he'd been expelled

     but Marcus Allen complaint his son had been made a scapegoat

     I said this was totally outrageous that a child to be victimized

     so that I was    minutes before than you did

     newt was due to begin my son had a school to go to

     I had a satisfactory explanation as to why he is being

     in effect expelled the experiences I do have been through as a result

     or Greenfield school scientology

     so really to confirm the belief iPad

     that for me to remove myself

     from any association isn't always use the correct decision

     look it up and other critics are determined to expose

     just what scientology means but every day new people are still being recruited

     to the calls

     it's business as usual senthil today even disenchanted ex-members concede

     that scientology can help some people

     but they say its obsessed with making money and suppressing opposition

     and the fam is that too often the victims or their loved ones blind faith

     families like the lid is they recall that joyous moment when their daughter

     Melissa came home

     having apparently decided to leave the cult but she didn't stay

     looks OK from the Brighton scientology center followed

     house when John Lee told him this I might never go back

     the Scientologist wasn't satisfied UK and said well

     you know if that was the case use was very serious and he would have to

     consider how much money

     a.m. and daughter owed full courses

     that she had a I'll

     that would be right and national Rotterdam

     large iraqi down market down now

     Marshall submit my account to you wallet time announced that she is

     worked for you nothing on our on my

     figure will be more than yours it didn't happen course

     a we should have allowed to say we should have

     stop and she went back home

     then the whole thing start

     i sat<br><br><br>

    beavers damn fever

    him

    has been the white out moment for count was religions and cults a leader

    announces he has super powers

    and promises on such-and-such a date to prove it day arrives

    nothing happens leaders caged in Nutley New Jersey or third during the countdown

    well Paramount Pictures wonders it it can overcome

    tom Cruise is adherence to scientology at the box office

    the faith is set to open up its own Supercenter

    where believers can hone their superpowers in beautiful downtown

    Clearwater Florida the    percept X

    described by founder L ron hubbard will be brought out by your submissions

    including

    an anti gravity simulator and something with the gyroscope

    so mister Cruz has a place to prove his gravity his compass direction especially

    the saline content of self well you check yours

    state lines how to copy got to sit down with former and current members of the

    group

    talk about the number one face at the church scientology many celebrities

    whereby scientology

    here's john Juliet Jenna and Jason kirstie Leah and Sophia

    not the king but his wife and daughter back and bar

    is a book reporter a week well the actors to his voice

    and eat is no coincidence we were

    put under incredible duress actually to recruit celebrities

    in my mission to find out if cruises in control or out of control

    but former Scientologist Karen presley she says she used to work full time at

    the church's

    exclusive celebrity center in hollywood her job she says

    recruiting the stars was there a list

    actually there was young actors that were really

    making it in film at the time I think we're

    our biggest priorities me

    any

    Tom Cruise was exactly that it was      and he was filming

    Top Gun pieces the church helped cure him up to learning disability

    in recent years you have to fix the rest of us or at least his coworkers

    you know you have to understand Hollywood when people need help

    they call me when you're having trouble with something they call me

    because they know that on the type of person that they can depend on

    but good Hollywood studios depend on cruise

    or had his private life blown up his public appeal

    our mission to learn more about him takes us

    into one of the most personal rituals have scientology

    clutching these metal rods connected to this machine called any meter

    scientologists undergo intense spiritual counseling

    meant to clear their minds a past traumas and self-defeating behavior

    the person drawing it out to them is called an auditor

    you wanted what dozens of people hundreds of people

    p thousand bruce Fein says he spent    years in the church

    and was and auditor to the stars he says he sat with them drawing out their fears

    secrets

    past indiscretions in here L everything down

    when I was offering celebrities I would have to write

    daily how did it go and what was happening with this person and how are

    they doing

    and this report we go to people very high up in the organization they keep

    tabs on

    are there things in those folders or secrets in there that might

    change one's opinion have the celebrity

    definitely better or worse purse

    he would not reveal what he learned from the stars

    but he told us in      he was sent to audit cruises then wife nicole kidman

    and find out if and why she was losing interest in scientology

    how concerned were the leaders in scientology that Nicole Kidman

    wasn't really you know showing up interest

    in the church fairly concerned as evidenced

    by the fact they sent me down there why do you think Nicole ultimately left

    scientology

    she felt it wasn't for her you know it wasn't

    what she want to do in life do you think she

    couldn't have remained missus Tom Cruise

    and not be a Scientologist in my opinion no

    their view of life would be so at odds with each other I don't think that they

    could have

    very meaningful relationship room so with key it was court

    and convert are you a Scientologist have you looked into it yourself into

    happened I really like it and I think it's really one

    have you got have you tried any sessions at all or any army like that yeah

    and its it's really I feel like I'm bettering myself

    she joins the a-list cast a Scientology my mission was to delve into the world

    at the church's

    leading man i sat down with one of the highest ranking members at the church of

    scientology

    Mike winder rarely talks publicly about his most famous church member I'm in

    time for a

    fifteen years I consider him a friend

    do you think he's a good spokesperson for Scientology i think is a very good

    representation

    what a Scientologist is I think he's obviously

    successful he's obviously very happy

    he does a lot to help other people he

    lose a on ethical life

    but last year the store was orbiting far from Planet Hollywood

    into the galaxies in scientology many wondered

    the water off too far does the church ever call Tom Cruise and say

    you know what call back the reins a little no I don't think anybody in the

    world calls Tom Cruise and tell them to pull back the reins

    the Tom Cruise and other celebrities

    do promote Scientology's agenda there's a church

    actively recruit celebrities no

    no the church's open to anybody no one specifically told

    would like to get more celebrities because celebrity sorta

    up the profile of Scientology we have a list of celebrities

    longer absolutely not there absolutely not

    maybe not but company religions have a designated

    Celebrity Centre and he confirms that the church keeps confidential files on

    celebrities and other members of the church who undergo

    auditing so what happens my question is what happens to those notes

    those files locked in and

    file cabinets and locker rooms never to be

    opened never only the order to the

    there for the auditor for anybody else the church's former auditor Bruce hines

    never met with Nicole Kidman and should not discuss his work for the church

    the church goes on to dispute both his and Karen presley statements

    and questions their motive just because someone says something

    particularly of former someone who is

    you know seeking to get have them into fame by making statements that sells

    sensational that doesn't make it true

    thing is for sure tom Cruise is behavior over the last year has raised the

    profile of Scientology

    the question is for better for worse

    do you consider Tom Cruise the church's biggest

    asset or liability up come on

    the joke question the question

    passable labeling tom Cruise is the biggest movie star in the world tom

    Cruise is a Scientologist

    but will cruise

Transhumanism is a loosely defined movement that has developed gradually over the past two decades. It promotes an interdisciplinary approach to understanding and evaluating the opportunities for enhancing the human condition and the human organism opened up by the advancement of technology. Attention is given to both present technologies, like genetic engineering and information technology, and anticipated future ones, such as molecular nanotechnology and artificial intelligence. The enhancement options being discussed include radical extension of human health-span, eradication of disease, elimination of unnecessary suffering, and augmentation of human intellectual, physical, and emotional capacities. Other transhumanist themes include space colonization and the possibility of creating superintelligent machines, along with other potential developments that could profoundly alter the human condition. The ambit is not limited to gadgets and medicine, but encompasses also economic, social, institutional designs, cultural development, and psychological skills and techniques. Transhumanists view human nature as a work-in-progress, a half-baked beginning that we can learn to remold in desirable ways. Current humanity need not be the endpoint of evolution. Transhumanists hope that by responsible use of science, technology, and other rational means we shall eventually manage to become posthuman, beings with vastly greater capacities than present human beings have. Some transhumanists take active steps to increase the probability that they personally will survive long enough to become posthuman, for example by choosing a healthy lifestyle or by making provisions for having themselves cryonically suspended in case of de-animation. In contrast to many other ethical outlooks, which in practice often reflect a reactionary attitude to new technologies, the transhumanist view is guided by an evolving vision to take a more proactive approach to technology policy. This vision, in broad strokes, is to create the opportunity to live much longer and healthier lives, to enhance our memory and other intellectual faculties, to refine our emotional experiences and increase our subjective sense of well-being, and generally to achieve a greater degree of control over our own lives. This affirmation of human potential is offered as an alternative to customary injunctions against playing God, messing with nature, tampering with our human essence, or displaying punishable hubris. Transhumanism does not entail technological optimism. While future technological capabilities carry immense potential for beneficial deployments, they also could be misused to cause enormous harm, ranging all the way to the extreme possibility of intelligent life becoming extinct. Other potential negative outcomes include widening social inequalities or a gradual erosion of the hard-to-quantify assets that we care deeply about but tend to neglect in our daily struggle for material gain, such as meaningful human relationships and ecological diversity. Such risks must be taken very seriously, as thoughtful transhumanists fully acknowledge. Transhumanism has roots in secular humanist thinking, yet is more radical in that it promotes not only traditional means of improving human nature, such as education and cultural refinement, but also direct application of medicine and technology to overcome some of our basic biological limits.

Transhumanist Values

NICK BOSTROM

Oxford University, Faculty of Philosophy
Homepage: www.nickbostrom.com
[in Ethical Issues for the 21st Century, ed. Frederick Adams (Philosophical Documentation Center Press, 2003); reprinted in Review of Contemporary Philosophy, Vol. 4, May (2005)] [pdf]
1. What is Transhumanism?

Transhumanism is a loosely defined movement that has developed gradually over the past two decades.[1] It promotes an interdisciplinary approach to understanding and evaluating the opportunities for enhancing the human condition and the human organism opened up by the advancement of technology. Attention is given to both present technologies, like genetic engineering and information technology, and anticipated future ones, such as molecular nanotechnology and artificial intelligence.

The enhancement options being discussed include radical extension of human health-span, eradication of disease, elimination of unnecessary suffering, and augmentation of human intellectual, physical, and emotional capacities. Other transhumanist themes include space colonization and the possibility of creating superintelligent machines, along with other potential developments that could profoundly alter the human condition. The ambit is not limited to gadgets and medicine, but encompasses also economic, social, institutional designs, cultural development, and psychological skills and techniques.

Transhumanists view human nature as a work-in-progress, a half-baked beginning that we can learn to remold in desirable ways. Current humanity need not be the endpoint of evolution. Transhumanists hope that by responsible use of science, technology, and other rational means we shall eventually manage to become posthuman, beings with vastly greater capacities than present human beings have.

Some transhumanists take active steps to increase the probability that they personally will survive long enough to become posthuman, for example by choosing a healthy lifestyle or by making provisions for having themselves cryonically suspended in case of de-animation.[2] In contrast to many other ethical outlooks, which in practice often reflect a reactionary attitude to new technologies, the transhumanist view is guided by an evolving vision to take a more proactive approach to technology policy. This vision, in broad strokes, is to create the opportunity to live much longer and healthier lives, to enhance our memory and other intellectual faculties, to refine our emotional experiences and increase our subjective sense of well-being, and generally to achieve a greater degree of control over our own lives. This affirmation of human potential is offered as an alternative to customary injunctions against playing God, messing with nature, tampering with our human essence, or displaying punishable hubris.

Transhumanism does not entail technological optimism. While future technological capabilities carry immense potential for beneficial deployments, they also could be misused to cause enormous harm, ranging all the way to the extreme possibility of intelligent life becoming extinct. Other potential negative outcomes include widening social inequalities or a gradual erosion of the hard-to-quantify assets that we care deeply about but tend to neglect in our daily struggle for material gain, such as meaningful human relationships and ecological diversity. Such risks must be taken very seriously, as thoughtful transhumanists fully acknowledge.[3]

Transhumanism has roots in secular humanist thinking, yet is more radical in that it promotes not only traditional means of improving human nature, such as education and cultural refinement, but also direct application of medicine and technology to overcome some of our basic biological limits.

2. Human limitations

The range of thoughts, feelings, experiences, and activities accessible to human organisms presumably constitute only a tiny part of what is possible. There is no reason to think that the human mode of being is any more free of limitations imposed by our biological nature than are those of other animals. In much the same way as Chimpanzees lack the cognitive wherewithal to understand what it is like to be human – the ambitions we humans have, our philosophies, the complexities of human society, or the subtleties of our relationships with one another, so we humans may lack the capacity to form a realistic intuitive understanding of what it would be like to be a radically enhanced human (a “posthuman”) and of the thoughts, concerns, aspirations, and social relations that such humans may have.

Our own current mode of being, therefore, spans but a minute subspace of what is possible or permitted by the physical constraints of the universe (see Figure 1). It is not farfetched to suppose that there are parts of this larger space that represent extremely valuable ways of living, relating, feeling, and thinking.



The limitations of the human mode of being are so pervasive and familiar that we often fail to notice them, and to question them requires manifesting an almost childlike naiveté. Let consider some of the more basic ones.

Lifespan. Because of the precarious conditions in which our Pleistocene ancestors lived, the human lifespan has evolved to be a paltry seven or eight decades. This is, from many perspectives, a rather short period of time. Even tortoises do better than that.

We don’t have to use geological or cosmological comparisons to highlight the meagerness of our allotted time budgets. To get a sense that we might be missing out on something important by our tendency to die early, we only have to bring to mind some of the worthwhile things that we could have done or attempted to do if we had had more time. For gardeners, educators, scholars, artists, city planners, and those who simply relish observing and participating in the cultural or political variety shows of life, three scores and ten is often insufficient for seeing even one major project through to completion, let alone for undertaking many such projects in sequence.

Human character development is also cut short by aging and death. Imagine what might have become of a Beethoven or a Goethe if they had still been with us today. Maybe they would have developed into rigid old grumps interested exclusively in conversing about the achievements of their youth. But maybe, if they had continued to enjoy health and youthful vitality, they would have continued to grow as men and artists, to reach levels of maturity that we can barely imagine. We certainly cannot rule that out based on what we know today. Therefore, there is at least a serious possibility of there being something very precious outside the human sphere. This constitutes a reason to pursue the means that will let us go there and find out.

Intellectual capacity. We have all had moments when we wished we were a little smarter. The three-pound, cheese-like thinking machine that we lug around in our skulls can do some neat tricks, but it also has significant shortcomings. Some of these – such as forgetting to buy milk or failing to attain native fluency in languages you learn as an adult – are obvious and require no elaboration. These shortcomings are inconveniences but hardly fundamental barriers to human development.

Yet there is a more profound sense in the constraints of our intellectual apparatus limit our modes of our mentation. I mentioned the Chimpanzee analogy earlier: just as is the case for the great apes, our own cognitive makeup may foreclose whole strata of understanding and mental activity. The point here is not about any logical or metaphysical impossibility: we need not suppose that posthumans would not be Turing computable or that they would have concepts that could not be expressed by any finite sentences in our language, or anything of that sort. The impossibility that I am referring to is more like the impossibility for us current humans to visualize an 200-dimensional hypersphere or to read, with perfect recollection and understanding, every book in the Library of Congress. These things are impossible for us because, simply put, we lack the brainpower. In the same way, may lack the ability to intuitively understand what being a posthuman would be like or to grok the playing field of posthuman concerns.

Further, our human brains may cap our ability to discover philosophical and scientific truths. It is possible that failure of philosophical research to arrive at solid, generally accepted answers to many of the traditional big philosophical questions could be due to the fact that we are not smart enough to be successful in this kind of enquiry. Our cognitive limitations may be confining us in a Platonic cave, where the best we can do is theorize about “shadows”, that is, representations that are sufficiently oversimplified and dumbed-down to fit inside a human brain.

Bodily functionality. We enhance our natural immune systems by getting vaccinations, and we can imagine further enhancements to our bodies that would protect us from disease or help us shape our bodies according to our desires (e.g. by letting us control our bodies’ metabolic rate). Such enhancements could improve the quality of our lives.

A more radical kind of upgrade might be possible if we suppose a computational view of the mind. It may then be possible to upload a human mind to a computer, by replicating in silico the detailed computational processes that would normally take place in a particular human brain.[4] Being an upload would have many potential advantages, such as the ability to make back-up copies of oneself (favorably impacting on one’s life-expectancy) and the ability to transmit oneself as information at the speed of light. Uploads might live either in virtual reality or directly in physical reality by controlling a robot proxy.

Sensory modalities, special faculties and sensibilities. The current human sensory modalities are not the only possible ones, and they are certainly not as highly developed as they could be. Some animals have sonar, magnetic orientation, or sensors for electricity and vibration; many have a much keener sense of smell, sharper eyesight, etc. The range of possible sensory modalities is not limited to those we find in the animal kingdom. There is no fundamental block to adding say a capacity to see infrared radiation or to perceive radio signals and perhaps to add some kind of telepathic sense by augmenting our brains with suitably interfaced radio transmitters.

Humans also enjoy a variety of special faculties, such as appreciation of music and a sense of humor, and sensibilities such as the capacity for sexual arousal in response to erotic stimuli. Again, there is no reason to think that what we have exhausts the range of the possible, and we can certainly imagine higher levels of sensitivity and responsiveness.

Mood, energy, and self-control. Despite our best efforts, we often fail to feel as happy as we would like. Our chronic levels of subjective well-being seem to be largely genetically determined. Life-events have little long-term impact; the crests and troughs of fortune push us up and bring us down, but there is little long-term effect on self-reported well-being. Lasting joy remains elusive except for those of us who are lucky enough to have been born with a temperament that plays in a major key.

In addition to being at the mercy of a genetically determined setpoint for our levels of well-being, we are limited in regard to energy, will-power, and ability to shape our own character in accordance with our ideals. Even such “simple” goals as losing weight or quitting smoking prove unattainable to many.

Some subset of these kinds of problems might be necessary rather than contingent upon our current nature. For example, we cannot both have the ability easily to break any habit and the ability to form stable, hard-to-break habits. (In this regard, the best one can hope for may be the ability to easily get rid of habits we didn’t deliberately choose for ourselves in the first place, and perhaps a more versatile habit-formation system that would let us choose with more precision when to acquire a habit and how much effort it should cost to break it.)

3. The core transhumanist value: exploring the posthuman realm

The conjecture that there are greater values than we can currently fathom does not imply that values are not defined in terms of our current dispositions. Take, for example, a dispositional theory of value such as the one described by David Lewis.[5] According to Lewis’s theory, something is a value for you if and only if you would want to want it if you were perfectly acquainted with it and you were thinking and deliberating as clearly as possible about it. On this view, there may be values that we do not currently want, and that we do not even currently want to want, because we may not be perfectly acquainted with them or because we are not ideal deliberators. Some values pertaining to certain forms of posthuman existence may well be of this sort; they may be values for us now, and they may be so in virtue of our current dispositions, and yet we may not be able to fully appreciate them with our current limited deliberative capacities and our lack of the receptive faculties required for full acquaintance with them. This point is important because it shows that the transhumanist view that we ought to explore the realm of posthuman values does not entail that we should forego our current values. The posthuman values can be our current values, albeit ones that we have not yet clearly comprehended. Transhumanism does not require us to say that we should favor posthuman beings over human beings, but that the right way of favoring human beings is by enabling us to realize our ideals better and that some of our ideals may well be located outside the space of modes of being that are accessible to us with our current biological constitution.

We can overcome many of our biological limitations. It is possible that there are some limitations that are impossible for us to transcend, not only because of technological difficulties but on metaphysical grounds. Depending on what our views are about what constitutes personal identity, it could be that certain modes of being, while possible, are not possible for us, because any being of such a kind would be so different from us that they could not be us. Concerns of this kind are familiar from theological discussions of the afterlife. In Christian theology, some souls will be allowed by God to go to heaven after their time as corporal creatures is over. Before being admitted to heaven, the souls would undergo a purification process in which they would lose many of their previous bodily attributes. Skeptics may doubt that the resulting minds would be sufficiently similar to our current minds for it to be possible for them to be the same person. A similar predicament arises within transhumanism: if the mode of being of a posthuman being is radically different from that of a human being, then we may doubt whether a posthuman being could be the same person as a human being, even if the posthuman being originated from a human being.

We can, however, envision many enhancements that would not make it impossible for the post-transformation someone to be the same person as the pre-transformation person. A person could obtain quite a bit of increased life expectancy, intelligence, health, memory, and emotional sensitivity, without ceasing to exist in the process. A person’s intellectual life can be transformed radically by getting an education. A person’s life expectancy can be extended substantially by being unexpectedly cured from a lethal disease. Yet these developments are not viewed as spelling the end of the original person. In particular, it seems that modifications that add to a person’s capacities can be more substantial than modifications that subtract, such as brain damage. If most of someone currently is, including her most important memories, activities, and feelings, is preserved, then adding extra capacities on top of that would not easily cause the person to cease to exist.

Preservation of personal identity, especially if this notion is given a narrow construal, is not everything. We can value other things than ourselves, or we might regard it as satisfactory if some parts or aspects of ourselves survive and flourish, even if that entails giving up some parts of ourselves such that we no longer count as being the same person. Which parts of ourselves we might be willing to sacrifice may not become clear until we are more fully acquainted with the full meaning of the options. A careful, incremental exploration of the posthuman realm may be indispensable for acquiring such an understanding, although we may also be able to learn from each other’s experiences and from works of the imagination.

Additionally, we may favor future people being posthuman rather than human, if the posthumans would lead lives more worthwhile than the alternative humans would. Any reasons stemming from such considerations would not depend on the assumption that we ourselves could become posthuman beings.

Transhumanism promotes the quest to develop further so that we can explore hitherto inaccessible realms of value. Technological enhancement of human organisms is a means that we ought to pursue to this end. There are limits to how much can be achieved by low-tech means such as education, philosophical contemplation, moral self-scrutiny and other such methods proposed by classical philosophers with perfectionist leanings, including Plato, Aristotle, and Nietzsche, or by means of creating a fairer and better society, as envisioned by social reformists such as Marx or Martin Luther King. This is not to denigrate what we can do with the tools we have today. Yet ultimately, transhumanists hope to go further.

4. Basic conditions for realizing the transhumanist project

If this is the grand vision, what are the more particular objectives that it translates into when considered as a guide to policy?

What is needed for the realization of the transhumanist dream is that technological means necessary for venturing into the posthuman space are made available to those who wish to use them, and that society be organized in such a manner that such explorations can be undertaken without causing unacceptable damage to the social fabric and without imposing unacceptable existential risks.

Global security. While disasters and setbacks are inevitable in the implementation of the transhumanist project (just as they are if the transhumanist project is not pursued), there is one kind of catastrophe that must be avoided at any cost:

Existential risk – one where an adverse outcome would either annihilate Earth-originating intelligent life or permanently and drastically curtail its potential.[6]

Several recent discussions have argued that the combined probability of the existential risks is very substantial.[7] The relevance of the condition of existential safety to the transhumanist vision is obvious: if we go extinct or permanently destroy our potential to develop further, then the transhumanist core value will not be realized. Global security is the most fundamental and nonnegotiable requirement of the transhumanist project.

Technological progress. That technological progress is generally desirable from a transhumanist point of view is also self-evident. Many of our biological shortcomings (aging, disease, feeble memories and intellects, a limited emotional repertoire and inadequate capacity for sustained well-being) are difficult to overcome, and to do so will require advanced tools. Developing these tools is a gargantuan challenge for the collective problem-solving capacities of our species. Since technological progress is closely linked to economic development, economic growth – or more precisely, productivity growth – can in some cases serve as a proxy for technological progress. (Productivity growth is, of course, only an imperfect measure of the relevant form of technological progress, which, in turn, is an imperfect measure of overall improvement, since it omits such factors as equity of distribution, ecological diversity, and quality of human relationships.)

The history of economic and technological development, and the concomitant growth of civilization, is appropriately regarded with awe, as humanity’s most glorious achievement. Thanks to the gradual accumulation of improvements over the past several thousand years, large portions of humanity have been freed from illiteracy, life-expectancies of twenty years, alarming infant-mortality rates, horrible diseases endured without palliatives, and periodic starvation and water shortages. Technology, in this context, is not just gadgets but includes all instrumentally useful objects and systems that have been deliberately created. This broad definition encompasses practices and institutions, such as double-entry accounting, scientific peer-review, legal systems, and the applied sciences.

Wide access. It is not enough that the posthuman realm be explored by someone. The full realization of the core transhumanist value requires that, ideally, everybody should have the opportunity to become posthuman. It would be sub-optimal if the opportunity to become posthuman were restricted to a tiny elite.

There are many reasons for supporting wide access: to reduce inequality; because it would be a fairer arrangement; to express solidarity and respect for fellow humans; to help gain support for the transhumanist project; to increase the chances that you will get the opportunity to become posthuman; to increase the chances that those you care about can become posthuman; because it might increase the range of the posthuman realm that gets explored; and to alleviate human suffering on as wide a scale as possible.

The wide access requirement underlies the moral urgency of the transhumanist vision. Wide access does not argue for holding back. On the contrary, other things being equal, it is an argument for moving forward as quickly as possible. 150,000 human beings on our planet die every day, without having had any access to the anticipated enhancement technologies that will make it possible to become posthuman. The sooner this technology develops, the fewer people will have died without access.

Consider a hypothetical case in which there is a choice between (a) allowing the current human population to continue to exist, and (b) having it instantaneously and painlessly killed and replaced by six billion new human beings who are very similar but non-identical to the people that exist today. Such a replacement ought to be strongly resisted on moral grounds, for it would entail the involuntary death of six billion people. The fact that they would be replaced by six billion newly created similar people does not make the substitution acceptable. Human beings are not disposable. For analogous reasons, it is important that the opportunity be become posthuman is made available to as many humans as possible, rather than having the existing population merely supplemented (or worse, replaced) by a new set of posthuman people. The transhumanist ideal will be maximally realized only if the benefits of technologies are widely shared and if they are made available as soon as possible, preferably within our lifetime.

5. Derivative values

From these specific requirements flow a number of derivative transhumanist values that translate the transhumanist vision into practice. (Some of these values may also have independent justifications, and transhumanism does not imply that that the list of values provided below is exhaustive.)

To start with, transhumanists typically place emphasis on individual freedom and individual choice in the area of enhancement technologies. Humans differ widely in their conceptions of what their own perfection or improvement would consist in. Some want to develop in one direction, others in different directions, and some prefer to stay the way they are. It would neither be morally unacceptable for anybody to impose a single standard to which we would all have to conform. People should have the right to choose which enhancement technologies, if any, they want to use. In cases where individual choices impact substantially on other people, this general principle may need to be restricted, but the mere fact that somebody may be disgusted or morally affronted by somebody else’s using technology to modify herself would not normally a legitimate ground for coercive interference. Furthermore, the poor track record of centrally planned efforts to create better people (e.g. the eugenics movement and Soviet totalitarianism) shows that we need to be wary of collective decision-making in the field of human modification.

Another transhumanist priority is to put ourselves in a better position to make wise choices about where we are going. We will need all the wisdom we can get when negotiating the posthuman transition. Transhumanists place a high value on improvements in our individual and collective powers of understanding and in our ability to implement responsible decisions. Collectively, we might get smarter and more informed through such means as scientific research, public debate and open discussion of the future, information markets[8], collaborative information filtering[9]. On an individual level, we can benefit from education, critical thinking, open-mindedness, study techniques, information technology, and perhaps memory- or attention-enhancing drugs and other cognitive enhancement technologies. Our ability to implement responsible decisions can be improved by expanding the rule of law and democracy on the international plane. Additionally, artificial intelligence, especially if and when it reaches human-equivalence or greater, could give an enormous boost to the quest for knowledge and wisdom.

Given the limitations of our current wisdom, a certain epistemic tentativeness is appropriate, along with a readiness to continually reassess our assumptions as more information becomes available. We cannot take for granted that our old habits and beliefs will prove adequate in navigating our new circumstances.

Global security can be improved by promoting international peace and cooperation, and by strongly counteracting the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Improvements in surveillance technology may make it easier to detect illicit weapons programs. Other security measures might also be appropriate to counteract various existential risks. More studies on such risks would help us get a better understanding of the long-term threats to human flourishing and of what can be done to reduce them.

Since technological development is necessary to realize the transhumanist vision, entrepreneurship, science, and the engineering spirit are to be promoted. More generally, transhumanists favor a pragmatic attitude and a constructive, problem-solving approach to challenges, preferring methods that experience tells us give good results. They think it better to take the initiative to “do something about it” rather than sit around complaining. This is one sense in which transhumanism is optimistic. (It is not optimistic in the sense of advocating an inflated belief in the probability of success or in the Panglossian sense of inventing excuses for the shortcomings of the status quo.)

Transhumanism advocates the well-being of all sentience, whether in artificial intellects, humans, and non-human animals (including extraterrestrial species, if there are any). Racism, sexism, speciesism, belligerent nationalism and religious intolerance are unacceptable. In addition to the usual grounds for deeming such practices objectionable, there is also a specifically transhumanist motivation for this. In order to prepare for a time when the human species may start branching out in various directions, we need to start now to strongly encourage the development of moral sentiments that are broad enough encompass within the sphere of moral concern sentiences that are constituted differently from ourselves.

Finally, transhumanism stresses the moral urgency of saving lives, or, more precisely, of preventing involuntary deaths among people whose lives are worth living. In the developed world, aging is currently the number one killer. Aging is also biggest cause of illness, disability and dementia. (Even if all heart disease and cancer could be cured, life expectancy would increase by merely six to seven years.) Anti-aging medicine is therefore a key transhumanist priority. The goal, of course, is to radically extent people’s active health-spans, not to add a few extra years on a ventilator at the end of life.

Since we are still far from being able to halt or reverse aging, cryonic suspension of the dead should be made available as an option for those who desire it. It is possible that future technologies will make it possible to reanimate people who have cryonically suspended.[10] While cryonics might be a long shot, it definitely carries better odds than cremation or burial.

The table below summarizes the transhumanist values that we have discussed.



                       TABLE OF TRANSHMANIST VALUES

Core Value
        Having the opportunity to explore the transhuman and posthuman realms
Basic Conditions

       Global security
       Technological progress
       Wide access
Derivative Values
        Nothing wrong about “tampering with nature”; the idea of hubris rejected
        Individual choice in use of enhancement technologies; morphological freedom
        Peace, international cooperation, anti-proliferation of WMDs
        Improving understanding (encouraging research and public debate; critical thinking; open-mindedness, scientific inquiry; open discussion of the future)
        Getting smarter (individually; collectively; and develop machine intelligence)
        Philosophical fallibilism; willingness to reexamine assumptions as we go along
        Pragmatism; engineering- and entrepreneur-spirit; science
        Diversity (species, races, religious creeds, sexual orientations, life styles, etc.)
        Caring about the well-being of all sentience
        Saving lives (life-extension, anti-aging research, and cryonic

The,Bad,Science,Mark,R.,Rowe,San,Diego,California,92102,Mark,Rowe,David,Rowe,Nina,Dougherty,Clifford,Dougherty,Anita,Ferguson,Virginia,Ferguson,William,Jones,Frederick,Jones,Charles,Rowe,Jacqueline,Kennedy,Esther,Rowe,Ralph,Rowe,Judy,Garland,Ethel,Kennedy,Robert,John,Kennedy,international,affairs,world,economic,domination,and,control,policy,makers,decisions,for,material,gain,persuasion,of,the,masses,Did,you,know,that,the,NSA,can,track,the,location,of,your,phone,even,when,it,is,turned,off,and,the,batteries,have,been,removed,This,admission,went,largely,unnoticed,in,a,Washington,Post,report,entitled,NSA,growth,fueled,by,need,to,target,terrorists,In,the,article,writer,Dana,Priest,details,how,teams,of,NSA,employees,stationed,around,the,globe,are,dedicated,to,tracking,phones,in,real,time,By,September,2004,a,new,NSA,technique,enabled,the,agency,to,find,cellphones,even,when,they,were,turned,off,JSOC,troops,called,this,The,Find,and,it,gave,them,thousands,of,new,targets,including,members,of,a,burgeoning,al,Qaeda,sponsored,insurgency,in,Iraq,according,to,members,of,the,unit,At,the,same,time,the,NSA,developed,a,new,computer,linkup,called,the,Real,Time,Regional,Gateway,into,which,the,military,and,intelligence,officers,could,feed,every,bit,of,data,or,seized,documents,and,get,back,a,phone,number,or,list,of,potential,targets,It,also,allowed,commanders,to,see,on,a,screen,every,type,of,surveillance,available,in,a,given,territory,The,technique,by,which,the,NSA,can,wiretap,cellphones,even,when,they,are,turned,off,and,powered,down,is,most,likely,being,performed,with,the,complicity,of,telecommunications,companies,who,have,proven,friendly,to,NSA,snooping,Trojan,horse,programs,disguised,behind,routine,system,updates,are,the,likely,method,through,which,the,NSA,gains,direct,access,to,millions,of,Americans,cellphones,and,other,devices,you,may,recall,the,fact,that,Verizon,and,ATT,notably,did,not,sign,the,collective,letter,asking,the,government,to,allow,affected,companies,to,release,information,on,government,requests,for,data,writes,Tim,Cushing,given,this,background,its,not,unimaginable,that,Verizon,and,ATT,would,accommodate,the,NSA,and,FBI,if,it,wished,to,use,their,update,systems,to,push,these,trojans,as,we,have,also,previously,highlighted,terms,of,agreement,for,many,of,the,apps,you,download,to,your,smartphone,now,use,your,microphone,to,listen,to,you,and,your,camera,to,take,pictures,of,you,without,your,knowledge,the,notion,of,the,federal,government,tracking,your,location,via,your,cellphone,is,particularly,prescient,given,yesterdays,report,concerning,the,DHS,funded,mesh,network,system,that,seattle,police,eventually,intend,to,roll,out,across,the,city,but,have,temporarily,been,forced,to,deactivate,due,to,a,privacy,outcry,aruba,networks,company,behind,the,system,of,wifi,hubs,which,can,record,the,last,1000,locations,of,cellphones,belonging,to,anyone,in,the,coverage,area,bragged,in,their,promotional,material,that,the,grid,could,track,rogue,or,unassociated,devices,In,other,words,even,if,you,do,not,allow,your,phone,to,connect,to,such,wifi,networks,they,can,still,access,your,device,record,its,current,and,historical,location,as,well,as,download,private,information,from,your,apps,and,other,settings,And,there,appeared,a,great,wonder,in,heaven;,a,woman,clothed,with,the,sun,and,the,moon,under,her,feet,and,upon,her,head,a,crown,of,twelve,stars:,And,she,being,with,child,cried,travailing,in,birth,and,pained,to,be,delivered,And,there,appeared,another,wonder,in,heaven;,and,behold,a,great,red,dragon,having,seven,heads,and,ten,horns,and,seven,crowns,upon,his,heads.,And,his,tail,drew,the,third,part,of,the,stars,of,heaven,and,did,cast,them,to,the,earth:,and,the,dragon,stood,before,the,woman,which,was,ready,to,be,delivered,for,to,devour,her,child,as,soon,as,it,was,born.,And,she,brought,forth,a,man,child,who,was,to,rule,all,nations,with,a,rod,of,iron:,and,her,child,was,caught,up,unto,God,and,to,his,throne.,And,the,woman,fled,into,the,wilderness,where,she,hath,a,place,prepared,of,God,that,they,should,feed,her,there,a,thousand,two,hundred,and,threescore,days.,And,there,was,war,in,heaven:,Michael,and,his,angels,fought,against,the,dragon;,and,the,dragon,fought,and,his,angels,And,prevailed,not,neither,was,their,place,found,any,more,in,heaven,And,the,great,dragon,was,cast,out,that,old,serpent,called,the,Devil,and,Satan,which,deceiveth,the,whole,world:,he,was,cast,out,into,the,earth,and,his,angels,were,cast,out,with,him.,And,I,heard,a,loud,voice,saying,in,heaven,Now,is,come,salvation,and,strength,and,the,kingdom,of,our,God,and,the,power,of,his,Christ,for,the,accuser,of,our,brethren,is,cast,down,which,accused,them,before,our,God,day,and,night,And,they,overcame,him,by,the,blood,of,the,Lamb,and,by,the,word,of,their,testimony;,and,they,loved,not,their,lives,unto,the,death,Therefore,rejoice,ye,heavens,and,ye,that,dwell,in,them.,Woe,to,the,inhabiters,of,the,earth,and,of,the,sea!,for,the,devil,is,come,down,unto,you,having,great,wrath,because,he,knoweth,that,he,hath,but,a,short,time.,And,when,the,dragon,saw,that,he,was,cast,unto,the,earth,he,persecuted,the,woman,which,brought,forth,the,man,child,And,to,the,woman,were,given,two,wings,of,a,great,eagle,that,she,might,fly,into,the,wilderness,into,her,place,where,she,is,nourished,for,a,time,and,times,and,half,a,time,from,the,face,of,the,serpent,And,the,serpent,cast,out,of,his,mouth,water,as,a,flood,after,the,woman,that,he,might,cause,her,to,be,carried,away,of,the,flood.,And,the,earth,helped,the,woman,and,the,earth,opened,her,mouth,and,swallowed,up,the,flood,which,the,dragon,cast,out,of,his,mouth,And,the,dragon,was,wroth,with,the,woman,and,went,to,make,war,with,the,remnant,of,her,seed,which,keep,the,commandments,of,God,and,have,the,testimony,of,Jesus,Christ,Charles,Rowe,Jacqueline,Kennedy,Esther,Rowe,Ralph,Rowe,Judy,Garland,Ethel,Kennedy,Robert,John,Kennedy,international,affairs,world,economic,domination,and,control,policy,makers,decisions,for,material,gain,persuasion,of,the,masses,Did,you,know,that,the,NSA,can,track,the,location,of,your,phone,even,when,it,is,turned,off,and,the,batteries,have,been,removed,This,admission,went,largely,unnoticed,in,a,Washington,Post,report,entitled,NSA,growth,fueled,by,need,to,target,terrorists,In,the,article,writer,Dana,Priest,details,how,teams,of,NSA,employees,stationed,around,the,globe,are,dedicated,to,tracking,phones,in,real,time,By,September,2004,a,new,NSA,technique,enabled,the,agency,to,find,cellphones,even,when,they,were,turned,off,JSOC,troops,called,this,The,Find,and,it,gave,them,thousands,of,new,targets,including,members,of,a,burgeoning,al,Qaeda,sponsored,insurgency,in,Iraq,according,to,members,of,the,unit,At,the,same,time,the,NSA,developed,a,new,computer,linkup,called,the,Real,Time,Regional,Gateway,into,which,the,military,and,intelligence,officers,could,feed,every,bit,of,data,or,seized,documents,and,get,back,a,phone,number,or,list,of,potential,targets,It,also,allowed,commanders,to,see,on,a,screen,every,type,of,surveillance,available,in,a,given,territory,The,technique,by,which,the,NSA,can,wiretap,cellphones,even,when,they,are,turned,off,and,powered,down,is,most,likely,being,performed,with,the,complicity,of,telecommunications,companies,who,have,proven,friendly,to,NSA,snooping,Trojan,horse,programs,disguised,behind,routine,system,updates,are,the,likely,method,through,which,the,NSA,gains,direct,access,to,millions,of,Americans,cellphones,and,other,devices,you,may,recall,the,fact,that,Verizon,and,ATT,notably,did,not,sign,the,collective,letter,asking,the,government,to,allow,affected,companies,to,release,information,on,government,requests,for,data,writes,Tim,Cushing,given,this,background,its,not,unimaginable,that,Verizon,and,ATT,would,accommodate,the,NSA,and,FBI,if,it,wished,to,use,their,update,systems,to,push,these,trojans,as,we,have,also,previously,highlighted,terms,of,agreement,for,many,of,the,apps,you,download,to,your,smartphone,now,use,your,microphone,to,listen,to,you,and,your,camera,to,take,pictures,of,you,without,your,knowledge,the,notion,of,the,federal,government,tracking,your,location,via,your,cellphone,is,particularly,prescient,given,yesterdays,report,concerning,the,DHS,funded,mesh,network,system,that,seattle,police,eventually,intend,to,roll,out,across,the,city,but,have,temporarily,been,forced,to,deactivate,due,to,a,privacy,outcry,aruba,networks,company,behind,the,system,of,wifi,hubs,which,can,record,the,last,1000,locations,of,cellphones,belonging,to,anyone,in,the,coverage,area,bragged,in,their,promotional,material,that,the,grid,could,track,rogue,or,unassociated,devices,In,other,words,even,if,you,do,not,allow,your,phone,to,connect,to,such,wifi,networks,they,can,still,access,your,device,record,its,current,and,historical,location,as,well,as,download,private,information,from,your,apps,and,other,settings,The,Future,of,Eugenics,Eugenics,although,based,on,the,science,of,genetics,is,not,itself,a,sciences,for,it,must,above,all,concern,itself,with,social,values,with,the,question:,Whither,mankind?,Perhaps,general,Agreement,could,be,had,that,freedom,from,gross,physical,or,mental,defects,and,the,the,freedom,from,gross,physical,or,mental,defects,and,the,possession,of,sound,health,high,intelligence,general,adaptability,and,mobility,of,sprier,are,the,major,goals,toward,which,eugenics,should,aim;,perhaps,even,that,diversity,of,nature,is,better,than,uniformity,of,type,But,hour,far,ought,selective,reproduction,to,inters,with,human,freedoms:,Genetically,as,in,other,respects,"there,is,so,much,bad,in,the,best,of,us,and,so,much,good,in,the,worst,of,us",that,it,is,hared,to,asses,the,worth,of,the,manifest,hereditary,characteristics,of,a,person;,and,the,numerous,hidden,recessive,genes,or,genes,of,low,penetrance,make,it,quit,impossible,Nor,can,on,determine,to,what,extent,a,person's,manifest,characteristics,a,the,product,of,environment,particularly,for,this,qualities,what,eugenics',major,concern:,con,health,high,intelligence,and,the,like,THe,Jukes,and,Kallikaks,were,horrible,examples,of,degenerate,humanity,but,what,might,they,have,been,in,a,better,world:,Were,their,alcoholism,their,crime,and,their,vice,inescapable,products,of,their,genes?,It,seems,very,doubtful,Only,the,experiment,of,putting,them,from,earliest,infancy,in,to,an,optimum,environment,could,possible,yield,and,answer,It,is,easier,to,define,the,essentials,of,a,optimum,environment,not,forgetting,that,it,need,not,be,the,same,for,everyone,than,to,modify,gene,frequencies,by,wise,selection,Once,mankind,has,produced,an,approximation,of,that,optimum,environment,the,eugenic,task,will,be,simpler,In,fact,that,natural,selection,exerted,by,such,an,environment,may,make,eugenics,quite,unnecessary,See,also,Birth,Control,Genetics,Mark,Rowe,David,Rowe,Nina,Dougherty,Clifford,Dougherty,Anita,Ferguson,Virginia,Ferguson,William,Jones,Frederick,Jones,Charles,Rowe,Jacqueline,Kennedy,Esther,Rowe,Ralph,Rowe,Judy,Garland,Ethel,Kennedy,Robert,John,Kennedy,international,affairs,world,economic,domination,and,control,policy,makers,decisions,for,material,gain,persuasion,of,the,masses,Did,you,know,that,the,NSA,can,track,the,location,of,your,phone,even,when,it,is,turned,off,and,the,batteries,have,been,removed,This,admission,went,largely,unnoticed,in,a,Washington,Post,report,entitled,NSA,growth,fueled,by,need,to,target,terrorists,In,the,article,writer,Dana,Priest,details,how,teams,of,NSA,employees,stationed,around,the,globe,are,dedicated,to,tracking,phones,in,real,time,By,September,2004,a,new,NSA,technique,enabled,the,agency,to,find,cellphones,even,when,they,were,turned,off,JSOC,troops,called,this,The,Find,and,it,gave,them,thousands,of,new,targets,including,members,of,a,burgeoning,al,Qaeda,sponsored,insurgency,in,Iraq,according,to,members,of,the,unit,At,the,same,time,the,NSA,developed,a,new,computer,linkup,called,the,Real,Time,Regional,Gateway,into,which,the,military,and,intelligence,officers,could,feed,every,bit,of,data,or,seized,documents,and,get,back,a,phone,number,or,list,of,potential,targets,It,also,allowed,commanders,to,see,on,a,screen,every,type,of,surveillance,available,in,a,given,territory,The,technique,by,which,the,NSA,can,wiretap,cellphones,even,when,they,are,turned,off,and,powered,down,is,most,likely,being,performed,with,the,complicity,of,telecommunications,companies,who,have,proven,friendly,to,NSA,snooping,Trojan,horse,programs,disguised,behind,routine,system,updates,are,the,likely,method,through,which,the,NSA,gains,direct,access,to,millions,of,Americans,cellphones,and,other,devices,you,may,recall,the,fact,that,Verizon,and,ATT,notably,did,not,sign,the,collective,letter,asking,the,government,to,allow,affected,companies,to,release,information,on,government,requests,for,data,writes,Tim,Cushing,given,this,background,its,not,unimaginable,that,Verizon,and,ATT,would,accommodate,the,NSA,and,FBI,if,it,wished,to,use,their,update,systems,to,push,these,trojans,as,we,have,also,previously,highlighted,terms,of,agreement,for,many,of,the,apps,you,download,to,your,smartphone,now,use,your,microphone,to,listen,to,you,and,your,camera,to,take,pictures,of,you,without,your,knowledge,the,notion,of,the,federal,government,tracking,your,location,via,your,cellphone,is,particularly,prescient,given,yesterdays,report,concerning,the,DHS,funded,mesh,network,system,that,seattle,police,eventually,intend,to,roll,out,across,the,city,but,have,temporarily,been,forced,to,deactivate,due,to,a,privacy,outcry,aruba,networks,company,behind,the,system,of,wifi,hubs,which,can,record,the,last,1000,locations,of,cellphones,belonging,to,anyone,in,the,coverage,area,bragged,in,their,promotional,material,that,the,grid,could,track,rogue,or,unassociated,devices,In,other,words,even,if,you,do,not,allow,your,phone,to,connect,to,such,wifi,networks,they,can,still,access,your,device,record,its,current,and,historical,location,as,well,as,download,private,information,from,your,apps,,and,other,settings,washington,the,white,house,has,cancelled,a,planned,summit,meeting,next,month,between,president,barack,obama,and,russian,president,vladimir,putin,and,one,of,the,reasons,given,was,moscows,decision,to,grant,asylum,to,an,american,who,leaked,top,secret,information,Former,Vice,President,Dick,Cheney,called,Edward,Snowden,a,traitor,for,leaking,top,secret,documents,from,the,National,Security,Agency,in,an,interview,that,aired,Monday,afternoon,on,CNN,Cheney,added,that,he,hopes,the,U,S,is,eventually,able,to,catch,Snowden,who,was,granted,a,one,year,asylum,in,Russia,in,August,and,hopes,he,receives,the,justice,he,deserves,Cheney,said,Snowden,leaks,which,most,recently,revealed,that,the,National,Security,Agency,monitored,the,phone,conversations,of,35,world,leaders,have,hurt,Americas,ability,to,defend,itself,The,former,second,in,command,would,not,comment,on,whether,or,not,that,the,surveillance,began,in,2002,as,the,documents,indicated,The,fact,is,we,do,collect,a,lot,of,intelligence,without,speaking,about,any,particular,target,or,group,of,targets,Cheney,told,CNN,Jake,Tapper,That,intelligence,capability,is,enormously,important,to,the,United,States,to,our,conduct,of,foreign,policy,to,the,defense,matters,to,economic,matters,And,Im,a,strong,supporter,of,it,The,same,day,Cheney,came,out,against,Snowden,Wikileaks,set,up,a,Free,Snowden,a,website,designed,to,collect,money,to,defend,the,former,NSA,contractor,whose,asylum,ends,in,August,2014,Damascus,knows,the,struggle,for,the,moment,is,to,sway,American,public,opinion,With,that,in,mind,President,Assad,In,his,interview,with,CBS,and,statements,from,other,Syrian,officials,,have,stressed,at,least,three,ways,in,which,a,US,military,strike,would,backfire,There,is,the,unspecific,warning,if,not,outright,threat,of,direct,reprisals,by,Syria,,and,indirect,action,by,its,allies,such,as,Hezbollah,in,Lebanon,and,Iranian,backed,Shia,militias,in,Iraq,There,is,the,warning,that,American,action,would,strengthen,rebel,factions,linked,to,al,Qaeda,and,could,even,enable,them,to,seize,power,if,the,strike,were,damaging,enough,And,there,is,the,threat,echoed,by,Moscow,that,any,such,attack,would,scupper,already,dim,chances,of,a,political,settlement,through,peace,talks,in,Geneva,In,reality,much,depends,on,what,exactly,the,Americans,intend,to,do,If,their,strike,is,as,Mr,Kerry,said,incredibly,small,the,repercussions,might,be,very,limited,Iranian,backed,militias,in,Iraq,might,fire,off,some,mortars,at,the,enormous,US,embassy,compound,in,Baghdad,for,example,But,more,serious,actions,such,as,Hezbollah,striking,at,Israel,are,unlikely,unless,the,US,launches,a,very,major,operation,indeed,Russia,has,asked,Syria,to,put,its,chemical,weapons,stockpiles,under,international,control,and,then,have,them,destroyed,in,an,attempt,to,avoid,US,military,strikes,Foreign,Minister,Sergei,Lavrov,said,the,offer,was,made,during,talks,with,his,Syrian,counterpart,Walid,Muallem,who,welcomed,the,initiative,The,US,said,it,was,skeptical,but,would,have,a,hard,look,at,the,plan,The,US,accuses,Damascus,of,war,crimes,allegations,denied,by,the,regime,US,Secretary,of,State,John,Kerry,in,Europe,to,garner,support,for,the,military,action,,inadvertently,started,the,talk,of,Syria,giving,up,its,chemical,weapons,early,on,Monday,When,asked,at,a,news,conference,whether,there,was,anything,Syrian,President,Bashar,al,Assad,could,do,to,avoid,military,action,Mr,Kerry,replied,that,he,could,hand,over,his,entire,stockpile,of,chemical,weapons,within,the,next,week,US,officials,subsequently,clarified,that,Mr,Kerry,was,making,a,rhetorical,argument,rather,than,a,serious,offer,However,Mr,Lavrov,later,revealed,in,a,news,conference,that,he,had,urged,Mr,Muallem,to,not,only,agree,on,placing,chemical,weapons,storage,sites,under,international,control,,but,also,on,their,subsequent,destruction,He,said,he,had,also,told,Mr,Muallem,that,Syria,should,then,fully,join,the,Chemical,Weapons,Convention,Mr,Muallem,told,reporters,through,an,interpreter,that,Syria,welcomed,the,initiative,and,praised,Russia,for,attempting,to,prevent,American,aggression,against,our,people,Mr,Kerry,and,Mr,Lavrov,spoke,on,the,phone,after,the,Russian,proposal,was,put,forward,but,US,officials,sounded,a,cautious,note,over,the,plan,White,House,spokesman,Jay,Carney,said,the,US,government,would,study,the,proposal,but,had,skepticism,over,the,credibility,of,the,Assad,regime,In,an,interview,earlier,Assad,refused,to,even,acknowledge,that,he,has,chemical,weapons,Of,course,the,whole,world,knows,he,does,said,Mr,Carney,White,House,spokesman,Jay,Carney,said,the,US,would,study,Russia's,proposals,He,promised,that,the,US,would,continue,to,push,for,strikes,because,the,credible,threat,of,military,action,was,vital,in,putting,pressure,on,the,Assad,regime,US,allies,have,also,reacted,cautiously,UK,Minister,David,Cameron,said,the,destruction,of,the,weapons,would,be,a,huge,step,forward,but,warned,that,it,should,not,be,used,as,a,distraction,tactic,French,Foreign,Minister,Laurent,Fabius,called,on,Mr,Assad,to,make,rapid,serious,and,verifiable,comments,to,the,plan,German,Chancellor,Angela,Merkel,said,it,was,an,interesting,proposal,but,added,that,she,hoped,real,action,would,follow,Pay,the,price,Moscow,has,been,Mr,Assad's,main,international,ally,throughout,Syria's,two,and,a,half,year,civil,war,Russia,has,blocked,three,resolutions,against,Syria,in,the,UN,Security,Council,and,has,dismissed,US,claims,that,Mr,Assad's,forces,carried,out,a,chemical,attack,in,Damascus,on,August,killing,people,Mr,Assad's,government,blames,the,attack,on,rebels,fighting,to,overthrow,him,in,a,conflict,that,the,UN,says,has,claimed,some,lives,The,UN,sent,weapons,experts,into,Damascus,to,investigate,the,attack,UN,Secretary,General,Ban,Ki,moon,said,on,Monday,that,if,the,experts,concluded,chemicals,had,been,used,,he,would,consider,asking,the,Security,Council,to,approve,a,safe,zone,in,Syria,where,the,weapons,could,be,destroyed,Meanwhile,the,Syrian,leader,gave,an,interview,to,US,network,PBS,in,which,he,warned,the,US,against,intervention,saying,the,Middle,East,was,on,the,brink,of,explosion,You're,going,to,pay,the,price,if,you're,not,wise,with,dealing,with,terrorists,There,are,going,to,be,repercussions,he,said,The,government,is,not,the,only,player,in,this,region,You,have,different,parties,different,factions,different,ideologies,You,have,everything,in,this,decision,now,Mr,Assad,did,not,explain,whether,his,comment,was,a,threat,that,Syrian,backed,groups,such,as,Hezbollah,would,launch,retaliation,or,a,warning,that,strikes,would,bolster,al,Qaeda,linked,groups,He,also,denied,using,chemical,weapons,saying,there,was,no,evidence,to,hold,his,government,responsible,for,the,August,attack,Continue,reading,the,main,story,Start,Quote,The,proposal,to,destroy,Syria's,chemical,weapons,could,be,a,one,day,wonder,but,it,could,also,be,a,game,changer,Mark,Mardell,North,America,Heavy,lift,US,President,Barack,Obama,has,cleared,his,schedule,this,week,to,focus,all,his,attention,on,building,support,for,the,Syrian,intervention,He,has,acknowledged,he,faces,a,heavy,lift,to,win,congressional,backing,A,poll,carried,out,by,ABC,and,the,BBC,on,Friday,suggested,more,than,members,in,the,House,of,Representatives,were,either,opposed,or,likely,to,oppose,strikes,Just,representatives,said,they,would,support,or,were,likely,to,support,action,and,a,large,proportion,are,still,undecided,on,the,issue,Many,US,politicians,and,members,of,the,public,remain,concerned,that,military,action,could,draw,the,nation,into,a,prolonged,war,and,spark,broader,hostilities,in,the,region,of,the44,21,230,433,100000,1429,21,Wilhelm,Wundt,Psychology,Physiology,Physiologist,Psychologist,Researcher,Research,Experimentation,Zoology,Freudian,Freud,Psychoanalysis,Psychotherapy,MK,Ultra,Project,Leipiz,Ingoldstaldt,Berlin,Adam,Weishaupt,Ante,Nicene,once,we,are,born,we,can,hear,and,knowledge,springs,up,from,beneath,us,and,sheds,its,beams,around,our,minds,illuminati,sacred,texts,text,documents,bavaria,west,german,federal,republic,bonn,switzerland,geneva,belgrade,austria,hamburg,enigma,computer,technology,c,c++,att,bell,laboratories,princeton,university,cambridge,oxford,luddites,chartist,protests,movements,nottingham,london,england,uk,great,britain,university,california,palomar,mountain,range,california,polytechnic,state,university,”san louis obi so,california”,san,diego,riverside,orange,los,angeles,counties,county,metropolitan,greater,region,area,city,”human genome project”,”san francisco bay”,”university of california berkeley”,”the Massachusetts institue of technology”,”Boston, Massachusetts”,”Stanford University”,”Cyclotron Laboratory”,”The University of Chicago”,”Chicago, Illinois”,”The Enrico De Fermi Institue for Advanced Nuclear Studies”,”The Ryerson Chemical Engineering Laboratory The University of Chicago Department of Chemistry”,”The John Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland Laurel Maryland The Applied Physics Laboratory”,”The Department of Defense Research and Development Bethesda Maryland Howard County Montgomery County Maryland”,20876,22043,22101,22102, 703,202,571,301,843,443,22203,22207,22206,22204,22201,22200,22202,22209,22046,22048,22035,22052,22058,22060,22062,As,a,leader,in,biomedical,engineering,research,,the,Duke,BME,offers,an,outstanding,opportunity,for,Master,of,Engineering,students.,Being,at,the,forefront,of,ground,breaking,research,means,we,integrate,theory,and,practice,in,our,classrooms,and,discussions.,Collaborations,exist,with,many,Duke,Medical,Center,departments,,such,as,the,Duke,Comprehensive,Cancer,Center,and,the,(CIVM),As,a,student,in,the,MEng,program,,you,will,receive,personalized,guidance,from,a,faculty,mentor,and,advisor.,In,addition,,our,relationships,with,internationally,respected,biotech,firms,in,nearby,Research,Triangle,Park,,such,as,Siemens,Medical,Systems,,Boehringer,Mannheim,,Genentech,,Genetronics,,Glaxo,Wellcome,,Guidant,,and,Medtronic,may,provide,unique,opportunities,for,internships,Center,for,In,Vivo,Microscopy,The,Human,Betterment,League,was,created,in,on,the,initiative,of,hosiery,king,James,G,Hanes,He,was,joined,by,members,of,the,Winston,Salem,elite,,such,as,Clarence,Gamble,of,Procter,&,Gamble,Alice,Shelton,Gray,,Dr,C,Nash,Herndon,a,leader,in,the,medical,genetics,department,at,the,Bowman,Gray,School,of,Medicine,and,a,professor,of,psychology,at,the,University,of,North,Carolina,at,The,Human,Betterment,League,has,been,criticized,historically,for,its,role,in,the,sterilization,of,men,women,and,children,White,,Black,and,Indian,who,were,deemed,inferior,by,society's,elite,Winston,Salem,North,Carolina,The,original,focus,of,the,organization,was,the,promotion,of,eugenic,sterilization,and,the,education,of,the,public,about,the,causes,and,prevention,of,mental,illnesses,and,handicaps.,By,the,early,the,Human,Betterment,League,had,shifted,its,focus,to,promoting,education,on,birth,control,and,genetic,counseling,In,it,changed,its,name,to,the,Human,Genetics,League,,and,it,disbanded,in,1988,Hill,1984,1970s,1947,,Chapel,Dr,A,M,Jordan,Transhumanism,is,a,loosely,defined, movement,that,has,developed, gradually,over,the,past,two,decades,This,affirmation,of,human, potential,is,offered,as,an,alternative, to,customary,injunctions,against, playing,God,messing,with,nature, tampering,with,our,human,essence, or,displaying,punishable,hubris